Fifth-century Athens refers to the Greek city-state of
Athens in the period of roughly 480 BC-404 BC. This was a period of Athenian political
hegemony, economic growth and cultural flourishing formerly known as the
Golden Age of Athens or
The Age of Pericles. The period began in 480 BC when an Athenian-led coalition of city-states, known as the
Delian League, defeated the
Persians at
Salamis. As the fifth century wore on, what started as an alliance of independent
city-states gradually became an Athenian empire. Eventually, Athens abandoned the pretense of parity among its allies and relocated the Delian League treasury from
Delos to
Athens, where it funded the building of the Athenian
Acropolis. With its enemies under its feet and its political fortunes guided by statesman and orator
Pericles, Athens produced some of the most influential and enduring cultural artifacts of the Western tradition. The playwrights
Aeschylus,
Sophocles and
Euripides all lived and worked in fifth century Athens, as did the historians
Herodotus and
Thucydides, the physician
Hippocrates, and the philosopher
Socrates.