Gender is a range of characteristics used to distinguish between
males and
females, particularly in the cases of
men and
women and the
masculine and
feminine attributes assigned to them. Depending on the context, the discriminating characteristics vary from
sex to
social role to
gender identity. Sexologist
John Money introduced the terminological distinction between biological sex and
gender as a role in 1955. Before his work, it was uncommon to use the word "gender" to refer to anything but
grammatical categories.
However, Money's meaning of the word did not become widespread until the 1970s, when
feminist theory embraced the distinction between biological sex and the
social construct of gender. Today, the distinction is strictly followed in some contexts, like feminist literature,
and in documents written by organizations such as the
World Health Organization,
but in most contexts, even in some areas of
social sciences, the meaning of gender has expanded to include "sex" or even to replace the latter word.
Although this gradual
change in the meaning of gender can be traced to the 1980s, a small acceleration of the process in the scientific literature was observed when the
Food and Drug Administration started to use "gender" instead of "sex" in 1993.
"Gender" is now commonly used even to refer to the
physiology of non-human animals, without any implication of social gender roles.