Paleontology is the study of
prehistoric life. It includes the study of fossils to determine organisms'
evolution and interactions with each other and their environments. As a "historical science" it attempts to explain causes rather than conduct experiments to observe effects. Paleontological observations have been documented as far back as the 5th century
BC. The science became established in the 18th century as a result of
Georges Cuvier's work on
comparative anatomy, and developed rapidly in the 19th century. Fossils found in China since the 1990s have provided new information about the earliest evolution of
animals, early
fish,
dinosaurs and the evolution of birds and
mammals. Paleontology lies on the border between
biology and
geology, and shares with
archaeology a border that is difficult to define. It now uses techniques drawn from a wide range of sciences, including
biochemistry,
mathematics and
engineering. As knowledge has increased, paleontology has developed specialized sub-divisions, some of which focus on different types of
fossil organisms while others study
ecology and environmental history, such as
ancient climates.