Vaccination is the administration of
antigenic material to produce
immunity to a disease. Vaccines can prevent or ameliorate the effects of
infection by many
pathogens. There is strong evidence for the
influenza vaccine, the
HPV vaccine and the
chicken pox vaccine among others. Vaccination is generally considered to be the most effective and cost-effective method of preventing infectious diseases. The material administered can either be live but weakened forms of
pathogens, killed or inactivated forms of these pathogens, or purified material such as
proteins.
Smallpox was the first disease people tried to prevent by purposely inoculating themselves with other types of infections; smallpox
inoculation was started in
China or
India before 200 BC.
In 1718,
Lady Mary Wortley Montagu reported that the
Turks had a habit of deliberately inoculating themselves with fluid taken from mild cases of smallpox, and that she had inoculated her own children.
Before 1796 when British physician
Edward Jenner tested the possibility of using the
cowpox vaccine as an immunisation for smallpox in humans for the first time, at least six people had done the same several years earlier: a person whose identity is unknown, England,; a Mrs. Sevel, Germany; a Mr. Jensen, Germany; Benjamin Jesty, England, in 1774; a Mrs. Rendall, England; and Peter Plett, Germany, in 1791.